Miss Julie Essay

August Strindberg was known as a father of naturalism. Throughout Miss Julie Strindberg uses animal imagery to explain the behavior throughout the play. In the play, Miss Julie is obsessed with the animals. The animals are used to symbolize her behavior. Jean the manor’s thirty year old valet describes Miss Julie as wild and crazy. At this point he is talking to Kristen, his fiance and the manor’s cook. In the play dog imagery is used a lot . For example when Jean was explaining to Kristin how Miss Julie acted towards her fiance right before the engagement ended. They were down at the stables one evening, and Miss Julie was training him–that’s what she called it. Do you know how? She made him leap over her riding crop, the way you teach a dog to jump. Twice he jumped, and got a cut each time; but the third time, he snatched the whip out of her hand, broke it into a thousand pieces and went off (Strindberg 72). According to Jean Miss Julie teaching her ex fiance to jump over her riding crop like a dog showed that Miss Julie’s had a dominant side. She was trying to make him into her slave she treated him like a dog. A dog is suppose to be a man’s best friend because dogs are suppose to be extremely loyal pets to their owners. Miss Julie saw it as her being the owner taking all the control and her ex fiance being the dog listening to every word she said. She kept treating him like a dog trying to train him until he got sick of it and broke her riding crop right before the engagement ended. Diana, Miss Julie’s dog is used to symbolize Miss Julie when referring to the social class status. It was said that Diana looked just like her Mistress. Miss Julie’s dog in the play got impregnated by the gatekeeper’s dog, a mongrel. Just like her mistress who’s trying to seduce her servant not caring about the different class he falls into. Miss Julie became very coquettish after her engagement ended and she started acting more wild and crazy than usual. I went with the Count to the station and on my way back passed the barn I just stopped by for a dance. And who do I see but her ladyship with the gamekeeper, leading the dance? But as soon as she claps eyes on me, she comes rushing straight on over and invites me to join her in the ladies waltz. And how she waltzed ! —I’ve never known the like. She’s crazy! (Strindberg 71). She would go out dancing more often in order not to face her father the Count. She considered Jean a very good dancer and would often ask him to dance as well. Miss Julie wanted someone who could lead and that would not make her look ridiculous on the dance floor. At that point all Jean said to Miss Julie was â€Å" As your Ladyship commands, I am at your service† (Strindberg 74). Miss Julie then replies â€Å" Don’t take it as a command. This evening we are all just enjoying ourselves together, and any rank is laid aside. So give me your arm (Strindberg 75). Miss Julie then goes off to dance with Jean leaving Kristin alone. Jean returns back alone to Kristin telling her how crazy Miss Julie is and what a way she has of dancing while people laughed at her behind closed doors. To benefit herself Miss Julie told Jean that class ranks did not matter at the moment. She wanted to have a good time with someone who knew how to dance and that could lead her in the dance as well. The sexual affair between the dogs represent the sexual affair between Miss Julie and Jean and how they both look down on each other. Miss Julie looks down on Jean for just being another one of her servants and Jean looks down on Miss Julie for seeming so easy, for the way she flirted with him and for acting so crazy and wild. Miss Julie starts to confess the love she has for him while he sat there and spoke all the pretty stories she wanted to hear before he switched the role and starting saying some awful things to her. He found Miss Julie giving herself up to him quickly that he took it to his advantage to use her for her money until she told him she did not have any money for the plans he had made.

International Law Essay

International Organizations are attempting to target and eliminate child labour beginning by pinpointing the problem itself and understanding the reasons for it. UNICEF’s latest statistics from 2011 indicate that one in every six children aged five to fourteen are engaged in child labour in developing countries. The International Labour Organization (ILO) says there are over two hundred and fifteen million children working worldwide either part time or full time jobs. Furthermore, seventy percent of them work in dangerous environments. The ILO is leading the fight in eliminating child labour in an organized fashion. Their research suggests the damaging effects of child labour must be systematically eliminated beginning with the worst forms of child labour. The process begins with understanding the problem itself, the causes and consequences, socio-political aspects, and all the variables involved. The hard work of the ILO has helped create Treaties and Conventions banning child labour and â€Å"identifying concrete measures for Governments to take (UNICEF, 2011).† Through socio-legal challenges, the ILO is working tirelessly as they are at the forefront of the fight against child labour. This has resulted in various forms of success as they still have a long way to go. Using labour standards, Conventions, Recommendations, creating organizations, getting member states involved, raising awareness, and stressing basic human rights, the International Labour Organization has created a formula in the fight to end child labour. UNICEF- Convention on the Rights of the Child UNICEF, acronym of United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, has a mission to advocate for the protection of children’s rights, â€Å"to help meet their basic needs and to expand their opportunities to reach their full potential (UNICEF, 2011).† Just like the ILO, UNICEF is a special programme of the United Nations. This international organization relates to the ILO because of their devotion to aiding children internationally and aiding national efforts to improve health, nutrition, education, and general welfare of children (UNICEF, 2012). Although UNICEF’s goals are not based on targeting and eliminating child labour itself, they take a huge part in helping the cause. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica (2012), since 1996 UNICEF programmes have been guided by the â€Å"Convention on the Rights of the Child,† which affirms the right to all children to â€Å"the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facili ties for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health (UNICEF 2012).† The Convention on the Rights of the Child is built on various international legal systems and cultural traditions. This Convention is a â€Å"universally agreed set of non-negotiable standards and obligations (UNICEF, 2011).† These are basic standards which are also referred to as human rights which set minimum entitlements and freedoms that are expected to be respected by all governments. UNICEF (2011) states that it is founded on respect for the dignity and worth of each individual, regardless of race, color, gender, language, religion, opinions, origins, wealth, birth status or ability. Therefore, they apply to every human being no matter where they are located. Not only are governments obligated to follow this Convention, but so are all individuals and employers regarding the rights of all humans. Furthermore, UNIFEC (2011) says that â€Å"we cannot ensure some rights without – or at the expense of – other rights.† Many countries including Canada have had to make changes to their common and civil law as a result of ratifying this Convention. However, this has been done for the better because local laws have been created to follow up with this Convention. For example, youth criminal laws in Canada underwent major changes resulting in the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) which defines Canada’s different commitments under the Convention. The Convention on the Rights of the Child is a legally binding instrument which is the first international instrument to incorporate the full range of human rights. This includes civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. This is a special Convention, particularly for that reason that world leaders agreed on the fact that children under the age of eighteen years old often need the protection and care that adults do not. Furthermore, this would be a Convention for the world to recognize that children also have human rights. It sets out these human rights in 54 articles and two optional protocols. The first optional protocol restricts the involvement of children in military conflicts, and the second optional protocol prohibits the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. The articles identified by UNICEF (2011) spell out the basic human rights that children everywhere have: The right to survival; to develop to the fullest; protection from harmful influences, abuse and exploitation; and to participate fully in family, cultural and social life. The four core principles of the Convention are non-discrimination; devotion to the best interests of the child; the right to life, survival and development; and respect for the views of the child. UNICEF (2011) states that â€Å"every right spelled out in the Convention is inherent to the human dignity and harmonious development of every child.† The Convention protects children’s rights by setting standards in health care; education; and legal, civil and social services. National governments have agreed to undertake the obligations of the Convention, therefore have committed themselves to protecting and ensuring children’s rights. They have also agreed to hold themselves accountable for this commitment before the international community. It is the governments’ obligation to make sure they do their part after signing or giving formal consent to the Convention, therefore treating it as a treaty, contract, or agreement and making it officially valid. Both the protocols have been ratified by a hundred and ninety four nations. These nations that have ratified this Convention are bound to it by international law. Furthermore, compliance is monitored by the United Nations committee on the Rights of the Child because it is important to make sure the member states are acting and complying according to the Convention. As far as the child labour topic goes, focusing on the International Labour Organization is far more important than focusing on UNIFIC. As suggested earlier, UNICEF’s focus is on advocating and paying attention to the general welfare of children globally. This includes children that do not work, whereas the ILO focuses on child labour issues among other labour issues of the world. The global importance of both of these international organizations is immeasurable. Therefore, understanding the fact that this topic is on child labour issues, it only makes sense to focus on the ILO. The ILO Structure The International Labour Organization’s work is based on encouraging and promoting the development of social and economic progress. It is important for governments, employers’, and workers’ organizations to cooperate in order for this structure to function. Furthermore, their aim is to ensure that it serves the needs of working men and woman by â€Å"bringing together governments, employers and workers to set labour standards, develop policies and devise programmes (International Labour Organization, 2012).† In other words, the ILO has created a form of a governing system for the international workforce to ensure safety and to protect all individuals. The ILO structure emphasizes equality where the workers and employers have equal voices with the governments. The ILO also encourages promoting a social dialogue between the trade unions and employers (International Labour Organization, 2012). Where appropriate, they implement national policy on social, economic, and other issues. There is no international organization that is like the ILO because it resulted in the tripartite organization, â€Å"the only one of its kind bringing together representatives of governments, employers, and workers in its executive bodies (International Labour Organization, 2012).† The ILO accomplishes its work through three main bodies which are â€Å"The International Labour Conference,† â€Å"The Governing Body,† and â€Å"The Office.† These main bodies oversee progress and changes in the global fight against child labour. This allows governments’, employers’, and workers’ representatives to settle disput es and reach agreements by mutual concessions. ILO Conventions and Recommendations Conventions and Recommendations are drawn up by representatives of governments, employers and workers and are adopted at the ILO’s annual International Labour Conference (International Labour Organization, 2012). The ILO has its own Constitution which gives them the authority required to eliminate child labour. Member States are required under this Constitution to submit them to their parliament for consideration. Once a Member State ratifies a Convention, it takes a year after the date of ratification for it to come into force. Therefore, there is a process involved and nothing happens overnight in the fight to eliminate child labour. After ratifying, nations must apply the Convention in their national law and practice. Furthermore, the countries must report on its application at regular intervals as required by the ILO. The ILO provides technical assistance if necessary. In addition, â€Å"representation and complaint procedures can be initiated against countries for violat ions of a convention they have ratified (International Labour Organization, 2012).† Fundamental & Governance Conventions The ILO’s Governing Body has identified eight Conventions as â€Å"fundamental,† covering subjects that are considered as fundamental principles and rights at work. The fundamental Conventions include â€Å"freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining; the elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour; the effective abolition of child labour; and the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation (International Labour Organization, 2012).† They date back to 1930 and go to the latest Fundamental Convention that was issued in 1999. These principles are also covered in the ILO’s Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (1998). The ILO launched a campaign in 1995 to achieve a worldwide ratification of these eight Conventions. This would be a huge breakthrough in the fight to eliminate child labour as there would be worldwide support of at least the fundamental princi ples and rights of work. There are currently over 1,200 ratifications of these Conventions, representing 86% of the possible number of ratifications. The ILO’s Governing Body also came up with four Conventions as â€Å"priority† instruments, thereby encouraging member states to ratify them because of their importance for the functioning of the international labour standards system (International Labour Organization, 2012). Since 2008, they are referred to as Governance Conventions. These Conventions were identified by the ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization as the standards that are the most significant from the viewpoint of governance. The Governance Conventions include â€Å"Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 (No. 81); Employment Policy Convention, 1964 (No. 122); Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Convention, 1969 (No. 129); Tripartite Consultation (International Labour Standards) Convention, 1976 (No. 144).† As the titles suggest, the ILO finds it is just as important to inspect what Member States are doing as it is to create laws. There is no sense in creating a law that is not monitor ed, inspected, or enforced. International Labour Standards International labour standards are â€Å"legal instruments drawn up by the ILO’s constituents and setting out basic principles and rights of work (International Labour Organization, 2012).† International labour standards refer to either Conventions or Recommendations. Conventions according to the ILO are legally binding international treaties which can be ratified by member states. Recommendations are non-binding guidelines. In many cases, a Convention lays down the basic principles to be implemented by ratifying countries. A related Recommendation completes the convention by providing more detailed guidelines on how it could be applied (International Labour Organization, 2012). The intent of labour standards is to establish a minimum level of protection from inhumane labour practices, basic rights, enhancing job security, and improving the terms of employment on a global scale. The workplace globally needs equal basic rights, which must be on ethical grounds according to the ILO. The International Labour Standards consist of twenty three subjects which are further broken down into more specific subtopics. Each topic and subtopic has its own Convention. A Convention is an agreement between states, governments, parties, or military forces, especially an international agreement dealing with specific subjects, such as child labour (Mifflin, 2000). International organizations use these Conventions as their weapons in order to fight child labour. It is their legal instrument to hold governments and partners who agree and consent to them liable if they fail to act according to the Convention. The twenty three international labour standards include freedom of association, collective bargaining, and industrial relations; forced labour; elimination of child labour and protection of children and young persons; equality of opportunity and treatment; tripartite consultation; labour administration and inspection; employment policy and promotion; vocational guidance and training; employment security; wages; working time; occupational safety and health; social security; maternity protection; social policy; migrant workers; HIV and AIDS; seafarers; fishermen; dockworkers; indigenous and tribal peoples; specific categories of workers; and final articles Conventions. Origins of ILO and its Conventions Conventions are a part of the international labour standards and all nations that accept them must apply them to their laws. Many of the Conventions date back to the beginning of the ILO. The ILO was created in 1919, â€Å"as part of the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War 1, to reflect the belief that universal and lasting peace can be accomplished only if it is based on social justice (International Labour Organization, 2012).† The term peace well describes their goals because they seek a peaceful global workforce where no one is exploited or put to work in dangerous circumstances. The Constitution was drafted in the same year the ILO was created by the Labour Commission set up by the Peace Conference. According to Encyclopedia Britannica (2012), the Constitution signifies â€Å"the body of doctrines and practices that form the fundamental organizing principle of a political state.† Furthermore, a treaty which establishes an international organization is also it s Constitution in that it would define how that organization is constituted. Advocacy for an international organization dealing with labour issues dates back to the nineteenth century. Therefore, the ILO is not the first and only organization who recognized the importance of dealing with worldwide labour issues. However, they are the first organization to take significant actions to make a change. The ILO formed after considering the security, humanitarian, political and economic problems of the world. The ILO Constitution’s Preamble says â€Å"the High Contracting Parties were moved by sentiments of justice and humanity as well as by desire to secure the permanent peace of the world (International Labour Organization, 2012).† The ILO’s mission has remained consistent as most of the areas of improvement listed in the Preamble remain relevant today. For example, regulations of the hours of work including the establishment of a maximum working day, dates back to the beginning of the ILO. International Labour Standards Directly Concerning Child Labour Some international labour standards deal with the issue of child labour directly, while others do indirectly. â€Å"Elimination of child labour and protection of children and young persons† deals directly with the issue of child labour as the title suggests. This is the labour standard number three which has four fundamental Conventions on child labour and related Recommendations. The four Conventions include the Minimum Age Convention created in 1973 (â€Å"No. 138†), Minimum Age Recommendation created in 1973 (â€Å"No. 146†), Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention created in 1999 (â€Å"No. 182†), and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Recommendation created in 1999 (â€Å"No.190†). The Minimum Age Convention is concerning the minimum age for admission to employment. Convention 138 (â€Å"C138†) was created on the fifty-eighth session of the Governing Body of the International Labour Office. The goal of this Convention was to establish a general instrument on the subject, which would gradually replace the existing ones applicable to limited economic sectors (International Labour Organization, 2012).† Previously there had been Minimum Age Conventions for certain industries and areas where people could work. For example, Minimum Age Sea Convention or the Minimum Age Non-Industrial Employment Convention. Instead of focusing on every sector individually, the Governing Body came up with a specific Minimum Age Convention concerning all children and all forms of work. This Convention includes eighteen judicial articles in which the nations that ratify this Convention must follow. The Minimum Age Recommendations include fourteen national policies for which nations can follow but are not bound to by law. The Recommendations mostly explain what countries should do to follow the articles of the Convention itself. For example, national policy one says â€Å"high priority should be given to planning for and meeting the needs of children and youth in national development policies and programmes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This Convention is regarded as being of high importance because in the past, children as young as five years old became child labourers. The Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention concerning the prohibition and immediate action for the elimination of the worst forms of child labour. Convention 182 (â€Å"C182†) was created at the eighty-seventh Session of the Governing Body of the International Labour Office. The goal of this Convention and its sixteen articles is in a sense created to compliment the Convention and Recommendation concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment. The Governing Body was â€Å"considering the need to adopt new instruments for the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, as the main priority for national and international action (International Labour Organization, 2012).† In other words, they needed solutions to the problem and recognizing that child labour is to an extent caused by poverty. Therefore, â€Å"long-term solution lies in sustained economic growth leading to social progress, in particular poverty alleviation and universal education (International Labour Organization, 1973).† This Convention really pushes nations that ratify it to take actions in eliminating the worst forms of child labour. The most notable articles state â€Å"the term child shall apply to all persons under the age of 18,† and â€Å"each Member shall, after consultation with employers’ and workers’ organizations, establish or designate appropriate mechanisms to monitor the implementation of the provisions giving effect to this Convention.† Overall, all the articles of this Convention are instructing the members about what they must do in detail and the processes for these actions are to begin immediately. The second part to the Elimination of Child Labour and Protection of Children and Young Persons labour standard is â€Å"Protection of Children and Young Persons.† This is mostly â€Å"Up-to-date instruments† which means these Conventions were created between 1919 and 1965 and therefore needed to be revised and updated. These Conventions include the Medical Examination of Young Persons, Minimum Age, and Night Work of Young Persons. It is important for the Governing Body to go over previous Conventions and address the changes that need to be made or have been made in order to monitor the progress. Nearly all international labour standards have an impact on child labour in one way or another. For example, â€Å"Equality of Opportunity and Treatment† is an international labour standard that concerns all individuals. If an adult is treated with equality, gets the opportunities and treatment that they deserve, their children will not have to earn a living and can pursue an education. This opens up doors for the following generations of children where they can receive education because their parents have good jobs. Relatively, this connects to the international labour standard of â€Å"Forced Labour† because the ILO’s evidence suggests that children and families as a whole are often forced into labour. The reasons can include unpaid debts, poverty, or any other reason from the list of causes of child labour. Therefore, these individuals face mistreatment and are often neglected from their basic human rights. Since these international labour standards connect wi th one another, it helps the cause because even if one of them is accepted by a Member State, it automatically helps another problem that we may be unaware of.

Abortion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Abortion - Research Paper Example It is well supported by a few religions including the Christianity. Abortion has been debated since ancient times, Aristotle presented his views about the issue as "delayed ensoulment". According to Ted Lockhart, "perform actions that we are maximally confident are morally permissible". This argument is known as the "moral certainty" argument. Every mother has the right to decide upon the birth of the child and therefore Ted Lockharts suggestion served to deal abortion as a practical solution in contrast to the moral issues ("Introduction to the abortion debate"). Women is the choice maker as under a given circumstances women is the best judge to nurture the fetus and later the child with utmost care and devotion, lacking to do so could culminate into psychological problems in the child. In the present situation where women are contributing equally to the economic growth and development, continuing with the pregnancy may hamper career growth. It is essential to understand that the personal ethics of women are imperative to pursue the pregnancy. Moreover, the anatomy of the body should also allow the continuity of the pregnancy, especially at the later stages of life when the female cannot afford to continue with the pregnancy and hence termination of pregnancy should be allowed. It is not moral to give birth to the unwanted child and nurture the child with least botheration. In certain cases conception could be the result of contraceptive failure or a woman may not be prepared for; such cases demand legalization of abortion ("Ethics of Aborti on: Is it Moral or Immoral to Have an Abortion"). Any pregnancy cannot occur without the male partner, consent of the father is essential before aborting the child. If the father agrees to take up the responsibility of the child, women gains confidence. In the present era where relationships are fragile, women do not want to have any binding to forgo her

Probation Officer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Probation Officer - Essay Example Three associations that provide aid and support to the professionals of the career of probation officer include the American Probation and Parole Association (APPA), Federal Probation and Pretrial Officers Association (FPPOA) and the National Association of Probation Executives (NAPE) (Clear, 2006). The mission of APPA is to assist, confront and provide authority to its members with the aid of learning and development (APPA, 2012). The APPA comprises of members from various countries including Canada and US, these members are indulged in the activity of probation on various fronts including: executive, legislative and others. If an individual want to become a member of this association, he/she has to invest $50. APPA produces various publications including Perspectives and CC Headlines. The FPPOA’s mission constitutes of supporting, promoting and setting standards for the professional probation officers (FPPOA, 2012). To become an active member of this association for one year , an individual has to pay $40 and the publication produced by this association is recognized as THE CONNECTION. The mission of NAPE is to increase the professionalism of the profession of probation. An individual subscription of NAPE costs $50/year and the publications produced by NAPE is NBAPE Executive Exchange (NAPE, 2012). The legal code of probation in the New York is Article 12-A, the laws contained in this code are associated with increasing professionalism of probation officers, the educational and training requirements of a probationer officer, the jobs that these officers have to perform and the tests that these officers have to pass through (FindLaw,

Behavioural Finance and the Efficiency of Capital Markets Essay

Behavioural Finance and the Efficiency of Capital Markets - Essay Example All the literature on market efficiency defines an efficient market as one where prices reflect all available information and sellers cannot earn windfall profits in a sustained manner (Fama, 1970). Large profits can be earned only by having inside information that is not publicly known and trading based on such information, or through misinformation; both are illegal. In an efficient market, assuming all companies disclose information to investors, only those who enter the market first may earn above average returns. Just like any other market, the one who arrives first can buy at a lower price and then, as demand goes up, sell at a higher price. This logic that consistently beating the market is not possible led to the creation of index funds that mimic the market's performance. Nevertheless, small investors unaware of these academic and empirical discussions continue to try to beat the market, only to incur expenses on fees and commissions. Behavioural finance proponents think that market-beating strategies exist and that a careful analysis of historical price trends and financial reports can pay off (Shiller, 1990). They point to stock market anomalies and other forms of market inefficiencies that allow investors to reap above average returns. He claims that conclu... Nevertheless, small investors unaware of these academic and empirical discussions continue to try to beat the market, only to incur expenses on fees and commissions. Behavioural finance proponents think that market-beating strategies exist and that a careful analysis of historical price trends and financial reports can pay off (Shiller, 1990). They point to stock market anomalies and other forms of market inefficiencies that allow investors to reap above average returns. So going back to our question: are markets efficient Fama (1998) thinks it is and that it continues to be so as proven by empirical studies (Fama and French 1992, 1993, 1996 and Malkiel, 1995). He claims that conclusions based on market anomalies discovered by behavioural finance are due to poorly done statistical work (1998, pp. 292-294) and amateurish techniques (1998, p. 296). He cited (1998, pp. 288-290) above average returns as the result of chance, that behavioural finance models are loaded with judgmental biases making it predictably easy to justify any hypothesis proposed, and that the efficient market hypothesis can explain all forms of market behaviour to date. Behavioural finance supporters Barberis, Shleifer and Vishny (1998) claim that an ongoing battle between rational and irrational traders exists in the market, with the irrational ones dominating. The systematic errors that irrational investors make when they use public information to form expectations of future cash flows overwhelm the efforts of rational traders to undo the former's market dislocating effects. Daniel, Hirshleifer, and Subrahmanyam (1998) state that irrational traders' overconfidence in interpreting

Exception to the Right to Refuse Treatment Essay

Exception to the Right to Refuse Treatment - Essay Example This paper shall consider the exception to this right, more particularly in instances of emergencies when the patient poses a danger to himself or to others. It shall demonstrate how a health practitioner might justify a violation of the moral rule to treat a patient. It shall explain how such justification is determined and what the ethical implications are of such actions taken by the health professional. This paper is being undertaken with the hope of establishing a comprehensive and scholarly understanding of the subject matter, as well as its specific circumstances and applicability to patient situations and circumstances. Discussion The right to refuse treatment is not an absolute right. It may be restricted in emergency cases when the patient poses a danger to himself and others. This may often be seen among psychiatric or mentally ill patients and among suicidal patients who may enter stages of mental incapacity where they pose a danger to the public and to themselves (Kavale r and Spiegel, 2003). In these instances, the welfare of the public supersedes the right of the patient to refuse treatment. ... Normally, an incompetent person may not be considered capable of caring for himself and of providing for his needs; however, he may also be competent enough to understand the risks which some forms of treatment may pose on his health. In effect, although he is incompetent in some respects, he is still competent in some other purposes (Jeste and Friedman, 2006). It is therefore important to establish an incompetent person’s capacity to make treatment decisions before he can be allowed to refuse treatment. In most US states, the medical profession has recognized and acknowledged the fact that competent, but involuntarily committed individuals have the right to refuse treatment. The courts have even acknowledged the fact that mentally ill prisoners have the right and freedom to refuse unwanted antipsychotic drugs (Jeste and Friedman, 2006). Many states are still however very much divided on the issue of imposing procedural processes to protect such right. Some states have utilize d the decision-maker model which basically allows the medical professional to make the informal assessments of the patient’s competence (Jeste and Friedman, 2006). Others however, require the conduct of a formal hearing before a judge or other decision-makers. In these states, mental disorder and involuntary commitment are not sufficient elements to a determination of incompetence in making medical decisions (Jeste and Friedman, 2006). In which case, before a medical treatment is to be imposed on the patient, the judge must establish that the patient is not mentally capable of making treatment decisions, in other words, he cannot weigh the risks,

Questions on Eu Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Questions on Eu Law - Essay Example Freedom of establishment shall include the right to take up and pursue activities as self-employed persons and to set up and manage undertakings, in particular companies or firms within the meaning of the second paragraph of Article 48, under the conditions laid down for its own nationals by the law of the country where such establishment is effected, subject to the provisions of the chapter relating to capital. On the other hand, Article 49 of the EC Treaty reads as follows: Within the framework of the provisions set out below, restrictions on freedom to provide services within the Community shall be prohibited in respect of nationals of Member States who are established in a State of the Community other than that of the person for whom the services are intended. The Council may, acting by a qualified majority on a proposal from the Commission, extend the provisions of the Chapter to nationals of a third country who provide services and who are established within the Community. The fundamental difference between the freedom of establishment and the freedom to provide services with respect to nationals of an EU member state working in another EU member state is that the former contemplates â€Å"permanent installation† in order to pursue an economic activity, whilst freedom to provide services means the freedom simply to perform services for profit without the primary place of business being in the country where the services are being performed. However, both freedoms require that the country in which the services are being rendered impose no discrimination on the individual and furthermore, that the authorities and the courts country in question amend its domestic legislation and policies so that it conforms to the treaty standards. A key... The fundamental difference between the freedom of establishment and the freedom to provide services with respect to nationals of an EU member state working in another EU member state is that the former contemplates â€Å"permanent installation† in order to pursue an economic activity, whilst freedom to provide services means the freedom simply to perform services for profit without the primary place of business being in the country where the services are being performed. However, both freedoms require that the country in which the services are being rendered impose no discrimination on the individual and furthermore, that the authorities and the courts country in question amend its domestic legislation and policies so that it conforms to the treaty standards. A key distinction is that there must be a contribution to the economic life of the host state, in the case of established persons. As stated in the case of Gebhard â€Å"The concept of establishment within the meaning of the Treaty is therefore a very broad one, allowing a Community national to participate, on a stable and continuous basis, in the economic life of a Member State other than his State of origin and to profit therefrom, so contributing to economic and social interpenetration within the Community in the sphere of activities as self-employed persons.† If there is no such participation, or if the participation is not on a stable and continuous basis, then it cannot be said that establishment attaches.

Economics - Transportation Module Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics - Transportation Module - Essay Example Therefore, the competitive solution or the market equilibrium, is the point at which the supplier satisfies the market’s demand, at the price where the suppliers are amenable to sell and the market is comfortable to buy. Given the example of transportation, there might be instances when the competitive solution does not exactly offer the best scenario for either the market or the suppliers. If the demand for a particular mode of transportation (i.e. railway transit) is relatively low as compared to the supply, then the suppliers’ is low, and they are not able to make enough revenues to generate reasonable profit. An example of this would be the scenario when the people’s income is low, and thus they cannot afford to use the railway transit. Another example is when the prices of substitute good or alternative means of transport, such as buses, are significantly lower compared to railway transits. There may also be cases when the supply is too low as compared to the market’s demand; in these cases, supply is scarce, causing the selling price to be significantly higher while the output level is low. An example of this would be high prices of inputs that are necessary for railway transit operations, causing a decrease in the supply of railway transits. To replicate a more competitive solution for the given example (the railway transit), the state can stimulate more demand for by increasing the prices of substitute goods, such as buses. More realistically, it can help the railway transit industry by stimulating supply, by initiating the reduction of the prices of input materials necessary for railway transit operations. Also, the state can contribute by investing on technology that will benefit railway transit operations. State initiatives such as these will lead the market closer to a more competitive solution. B. I would take into consideration all the costs that will have to be spent in building the project. The

Is the Law Relating to the Offence of Dissemination of Terrorist Essay

Is the Law Relating to the Offence of Dissemination of Terrorist Publications in Need of Reform - Essay Example Recently, the UK government had problems in complying with provisions of the European Convention of Human rights in respect to its terrorism laws1. One measure in UK’s terrorism law is the pre-charge detention of terrorist suspects for up to twenty eight days without taking appearing in court. The British government intention to amend this law in 2008 and extend it to 42 days was unsuccessful. The government met resistance from civil right groups and parliamentarians who were against such measures since they saw it as an abuse of fundamental rights of individuals. The committee on human rights gave a conclusion that such measures were a breach of the right of liberty as in article five of the European Courts of Human Rights and derogation was necessary for the measure to be lawful2. Legal experts’ opinion was that the pre-charge detention for 42 days is disproportionate and European human rights laws do not provide legal framework for arbitrary arrests and detentions. R eaction from the British government was an explanation that the forty two day period was compatible with the ECHR. The European laws do not set a specific time period for which a person can be detained without appearing in court. ... However, this made the Blaire’s government to be in conflict with parliament resulting in the defeat of the 90 day period proposed by Tony Blaire to a 28 day period3. The premier criticized parliament and the labour MPs who came against him. Defeat of Tony Blaire’s government concerning this anti-terrorism bill brought a debate on whether Mr Blaire was an independent premier or a lame duck that was unable to mobilize his party to support such a crucial bill. Basing on this, likely changes in the bill will have a political effect in the sense that parliament might opt to refuse the changes or support the changes. The media is likely play a role in discussing such issues, with either providing a critique of the said legislation or supporting the legislation on condition that they do not breach the individual rights of people. Changes in the terrorism act of 2006 are likely to affect fundamental human rights and freedom which include4, right to freedom of movement, right t o privacy, right to non-discriminative policies, right to a remedy for breach of human rights, right to fair trial and freedom of expression. These rights are under protection of European Courts of Human Rights5 and the government of UK has committed itself to uphold them. Concerning these fundamental human rights, changes in terrorism act of 2006 will create new detention and questioning powers for security agencies in the UK, they will give the Attorney General new powers to proscribe terrorist organisations and will create new criminal offences and means of controlling people’s movements and activities. For instance, changes in terrorism law regarding attendance at a place formerly in use of terrorism activity, the

Truss Optimisation Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Truss Optimisation - Dissertation Example Ghasemi et al. (1999) have revealed the appropriateness of the genetic algorithms to deal with the large trusses that have numerous indefinite variables. This study shows that how an algorithm of our design can be employed to match this previous study. The paper will hugely concentrate over the application of genetic algorithm to trusses developed under indefinite conditions (Ganzerli et al., 2003). 1.1. Background Galileo Galilei has been recognized as the first scientist by the Coello Coello et al. (1994), who studied optimization of structures over the bending of beams in his work. Over the period of time, this subject has developed and become an area of engineering, in itself, which is known as the structural optimization. For the last few decades, the rising interest towards this area has been because of the availability of powerful and cheap computers as well as due to the rapid progress in the analytic and optimization methods for the structures (Soh and Yang, 1998). The optim ization of the weight of the structures is of great importance to many fields of engineering. It might be linked to cost optimization, in some aspects, as it clearly tends towards an optimal usage of the materials. The weight optimized structures, in civil engineering, are very convenient as the construction as well as the transportation work in, relation to the build-up, is simple. The engagement of the least possible share of the load capacity by the structure itself is another benefit of developing a structure with its weight being optimized. Also, in the aircraft and car industries, the structural optimization is highly important since a lighter structure leads to a better fuel efficiency. The use of genetic algorithms is an efficient optimization technique. GA is a form of evolutionary programming (Alander, 1999) and most likely known as the best optimization technique of the present time (Ashlock, 2006). It provokes the evolutionary principle of survival of the fittest through aggregating the optimum solutions to a problem in numerous generations in order to augment the outcome gradually. The elementary population of solutions is constructed on the random basis and then along with the evolution, the best solutions are aggregated in each generation until they converged in to an optimal solution (Gold Berg, 1989). 1.2. Literature Review Over the previous two decades, the genetic algorithms have been used in search for an optimal design solution for trusses that has been explained in numerous scientific reports. However the optimization in the majority of these studies does not relate to shape, size and topology simultaneously. In general, the topology of the truss is fixed that means the inner connectivity of the members is constant (Ravindran and Ragsdell, 2006). The most frequently used method to deal with the optimization of the truss topology is the ground structure method that has been used by Hajela & Lee (1995) and Deb & Gulati (2000) in their work. An extremely connected ground structure having numerous nodes and elements, in the ground structure method, is gradually minimized until just the basic required elements are left (Ohsaki, 2005). The emphasis has been over the development of a highly efficient genetic algorithm, in some of the recent studies on truss optimization with GA, which determines an optimal solution through the least possible number of calculations such as the adaptive approach given by Togan & Daloglu (2006) and the directed mutation

Is the father really a good guy Essay Example for Free

Is the father really a good guy Essay McCarthy has given a masterpiece that has moved many people with the way he constructed the story of the Road where a father and a boy were engaged in a life changing tragedy. There were also bad things that happened during that time by which one could question if the father is really a good guy. Upon reading the story, I am overly moved that the father is not that good. He may have saved the life of his son that was close to danger. The father must do it since it was his responsibility as the parent of the boy to take care of him in any circumstances until the boy reaches the right age. I think on that part, being a responsible father to him is a good sign that he gives importance to his duties and obligations as a father. The father might have provided the son with the things he need, and I think the boy greatly appreciates the effort in the story. However in the other parts of the story, the father I think was indifferent with the issues that are widespread in their place. He may have something that makes him act that way. Nonetheless, as a citizen, he must show bits of concern with her own state. Read more:Â  My Father Goes to Court Essay He must have shown concern, if not participation for the movements that might have happened in the story. Being a human being calls for many things in life. One must learn and understand that life isn’t that grand. We can’t see all the things we wanted, and never will it happen that what we expect every other people’s interactions with us be that good, the way we would treat them. Seeing the differences and uniqueness of each one of us, I guess that there really are many things that have to be considered in order to look into something if it’s really good or bad. Life on earth is not a fantasy that we can only see the good things, however seeing the other things here, the bad things, unreasonable and strange things, we must evaluate, and I guess have to do something for the situation. In the story, there were inhumanities that are witnessed and I think, being a good citizen might apply by taking into action some virtues that we learn from our ancient thinkers. Like the saying that giving is always better than receiving presents, it is applicable with the kids the father has seen. Even if they are not his sons or daughter, it was still a humane decision if he will extend a little help to them. Also, it might teach his son some of the good manners a man must do in order to give his life a better meaning. It will give the boy some ideas on how to react with every situation that comes along. If the father will just be gentle to other kids, then he (the son) might also be gentle and helpful in his future life. The end of the story was a sad one. After all his attempts to give his son a good life, the father still died and left his boy with no one else to be with. No one would have taken care of the boy not until the time he was adopted by someone with a good heart. The example that the guy has set and has portrayed in the role was the good man, who in the past has been already following them. He showed concern with the father and the son, giving the son the chance not to be miserable in that situation. Being good in the real sense is relative to the people who evaluate others. I think, in this case, I judged the father as a good father but not a good citizen. In evaluating this, he is not good since he is only good in one side. When someone or something is evaluated, it must first fit with the given categories. And since he was not consistent with the preferences I have set in seeing if a guy is a good guy or not, then he is a bad guy, ignoring some of the important things that might also affect his son in the long run. The guy could have just given his son some insights about life that will help him evaluate his own and of course, give him the idea of what a good citizen is. Instead, the other man who adopted the son was better showing concern, and seeing earlier the danger of the father overprotecting his son with all of the elements of life. Works Cited Cormac McCarthy. The Road. 2007. 13 December 2007. http://books. guardian. co. uk/reviews/generalfiction/0,,1956973,00. html.

Works of Dickens Essay Example for Free

Works of Dickens Essay Compare the roles of institutions in A Kestrel for a Knave and the works of Dickens  Dickens and Hines use writing techniques to portray their institutions as impoverished and brutal places. Dickens is especially good at this. He can bring places to life with similes and metaphors. Dickens and Hines have added a fiery, tyrannical character in the shape of Mr Gradgrind, who every one fears and Mr Gryce. Both of whom are headmasters.  At the beginning of Hard Times Dickens disguises his characters by not giving them names, he does this to draw the reader into the novel. The Speaker and the schoolmaster, and the third grown person present  Both of the novels, although written 100 years apart show very little change in the schooling the children received. The authors show their institutions as plain and bare. Dickens even goes, as far as to say that the school room in Hard Times is a vault, not letting anyone in or out. monotonous vault of a schoolroom  Dickens likes to use repetition of words. Especially Facts and emphasis. He does this to show the squareness of Mr Gradgrind. Dickens does this to illustrate how he wants every thing to be regimented and perfect. Gradgrind had the premonition that all the children he schooled were only good for factory fodder. Hines has the same thought but did not put it so blatantly in his writing; this is because he does not want to sound so right wing. The two books are set in industrial towns. Hines does not name his town but it is in Northern England. Dickens named his town Coketown, because this is a major part of the smelting of iron, extremely important in the Victorian age and the industrial revolution, because without it none of the steps forward would have been made to modernise products and industries.  Both authors show that the children in their books have no prospects. They leave school only knowing enough to get them into a factory or coal mine.  Hines has injected a positive influence into A Kestrel for a Knave in the shape of Mr Farthing, Billys Teacher. Mr Farthing is a kind and gentle man a far cry from the harsh environment in which Billy lives. There is a profound lack of anything worth living for in Hard Times. This is because all of the children in the school in Hard Times are just going to end there lifes in a pit or factory, again this is because society in those days looked upon the working class as workers so this is were they where destined to be.  Hines and Dickens use the same writing techniques to gain full effect on the reader. For example they both use similes and metaphor. Institutions of the time consisted of workhouses, factories and schools. The workhouses, horrible places to live and work. Often run by money hungry fat cats, purely for the profit. They did not care how the children should be treated. These places were often very regimented, dull and laborious (as in the table scene in Oliver Twist, where Oliver Twist and colleges sat at two long tables eating the same food at the same pace.) There was also a lack of equality. In the factories people were paid next to nothing for very hard, dangerous work. It was not uncommon for a worker to lose a finger or even a whole hand because the machinery was not safety guarded. The schools were run like business. Sometimes the head teachers had deals with factories to send there school leavers to their factories or down their mines. Dickens describes Coketown with metaphors of animals this is I think to show that the inhabitants of Coketown were only animals, this also adds to the primitive nature of the town. Coke town is primitive because everybody fights for the best jobs and positions in the town. Also the way that Dickens describes the buildings as animals makes this scene primitive. Mr Gradgrind believes heavily in Utilitarianism. This concept originally the brainchild of Jeremy Bentham is made a mockery of by Dickens in Hard Times, with his ironic quotes and lines.  Dickens and Hines both use institutions in their novels to illustrate the poverty of the industrial town. The reader is able to sympathise with the characters in these novels through the ways that the two authors write.

Shock Advertising: Effects On Students

Shock Advertising: Effects On Students Consumers can be exposed to over 3000 advertisements per day (Lasn,1999). So marketers constantly look for a way to be recognised ahead of their competitors and break through the clutter (dahl et al 2003) One of the ways in which marketers do this is through shock advertising. A technique that has caused some controversy in recent years. Dahl 2003 states Shock messages are used in a bid to draw attention to an advertisement with the expectation that further processing will take place. It has been heavily adapted by charities and the government who promote anti-drink driving, and anti-drug campaigns. It is used it order to shock and scare the public creating surprise. It is this surprise that enables the individual to want to process the given information more clearly, in order to make a decision, resulting in action. (Dahl 2003) The aim of shock advertising is to influence peoples attitudes and behaviour. However this might always be the case when exposed to shock advertising. Some people have lower expectations of social norms, and may process shock advertising in a more negative way than people with higher expectations of social norms. This is known as the process of norm violation Dahl, 2003, p268) The main goals of this dissertation are to evaluate these norms and how they are processed by students in relation to attitudes and behaviour through being exposed to shock advertising. Previous research has shown that advert using shock are more effective at creating attention than other tatics (fear, information). It is this that has driven me to conduct this dissertation to conclude if that given attention actually results in a change in attitude or behavioural. This is something that has always been critiqued. Literature review A crucial element of all research degrees is the review of relevant literature. So important is this chapter that its omission represents a void or absence of all major elements in research (Afolabi 1992, 59-66) The use of Shock advertising has been used in order to create a change in a consumers attitude or behaviour. The purpose of this literature review is to process and evaluate previous academic journals, literature and media to elaborate upon and facilitate that statement. The literature review consists of models evaluating how attitudes can be formed, using the Hierarchy of effects AIDA model to define the attitude forming process, then using this process to determine how these attitudes are then changed. Attitudes An attitude is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including one self) objects, advertisements or issues. We call anything toward which one has an attitude an attitude object (Solomon et al 2006, p234) Ones attitude can affect their perception of different brands, products or advertisements. Bohner 2002 p5 states Attitudes may emphasise affective, behavioural and cognitive responses. This is something that advertisers may take into account as they can manipulate peoples emotions and reactions through the use of fear in advertising. Solomon 2006 p288 Fear appeals emphasize the negative consequences that can occur unless the consumer changes a behaviour or an attitude this thought process can give advertisers a way in which to target different demographics with chosen shock tactics. Tactics which must be relevant to the product. This can be seen to be used in many different ways as advertisers will use this process to aim at getting a consumer to make a purchase or identify a brand which creates an emotion whereas the government will use techniques of warning the public about the harms of smoking etc. Bohner 2002 p123 describes their message, learning approach to persuasion. Bohner continues to describe this approach as an approach that does not represent a unitary theory; rather it can be understood as an eclectic set of working assumptions, influenced by learning theory and other contemporary theoretical perspectives. The components of this theory evaluated the learning and recall of message content mediating attitude change. This persuasion process is one heavily taken upon the use of shock in advertising. Attitudes are an important factor and advertisers must first be able to evaluate and identify an attitude components before attempting to influence one (Kotler 1996 p721) Attitudes and components models. Most researchers agree that an attitude has three components; affect, behaviour and cognition (Solomon 2008, p237). Also referred to as the ABC model of attitudes; Affect refers to the way a consumer feels about an attitude object. Behaviour which involves the persons intentions to o something with regard to an attitude object which may not result in actual behaviour and Cognition; Refers to the beliefs a consumers has about an attitude object. All three components of an attitude are important, but their relative importance will vary depending on a consumers level of motivation with regard to the attitude object (Solomon). Neal states these objects to which consumers react, are evaluated in context of a specific situation, a consumers reaction to an object may change as the situation changed. A key component in this process as we can see clearly is Attitude change. Without a consistency in attitude towards an object a marketer can find it difficult to clearly target a certain demographic so the using attitudes to predict behaviour must be exercised a clear message is being presented to the consumer. Marketers do this through the use of Multiattribute models which i will discuss further in this chapter. These three components must be taken into account in regards to advertising. Solomon 2006 p240 Our evaluation of a product can be determined solely by our appraisal of how its depicted in marketing communications. Fish bein model Gordon Allport Attitudes are learned predispositions to respond to an object The fishbein model can be considered as very important when considering attitude. Fish beins model measures three components of attitude (Solomon 2008,p250); Salient beliefs people have about an object Object-attribute linkages or the possibility that a particular object has an important attribute. Evaluation of each of the important attributes., The consumer will rate each attribute for all brands involved, evaluating the importance of the rating for that attribute (Schiffman 2008) Marketing can take advantages from this model as when firms launch or re-launch products ., adverts can be used as a platform to depict new attributes or re-invented attributes held by a product to appeal to consumers as their attitudes are evaluated on such attributes (Solomon, 2008) Hierarchy of effects. The hierarchy of effects models has become the foundation for objective setting and measurement of advertising effects in many companies. (Belch and Belch p148). Solomons critique of this model is seen as she states a persons attitude doesnt predict their behaviour (Solomon, 2008 p300). The model shows the process by which advertising works; It assumes a consumer passes through steps in a sequential order from initial awareness of a product to actual purchase. Components of the hierarchy of effects framework show how consumers respond to advertising in a set and preconcepted manner. Cognitively first (thinking) affectively secondly (feeling) and cognitively thirdly (doing) (Solomon 2008) as seen in the AIDA model (figurehttp://139.132.1.7/ausweb02/Figure_1.gif 1) The most well known model is AIDA (attention-interest-desire-action) MORE INFO QUOTES. In this model it is theorized that advertisers must attract attention (cognition) maintain interest and create desire (affect) which will all result in an action (conation) . (Fill 2005). Understanding the hierarchy of effects in relation to product and audience will give advertisers information on which level of shock to incorporate in their campaign. Through studying literature, The hierarchy of effects can e seen to be important to advertisers as it is consistently used by theorists as an effective and appropriate way of identifying concepts which need to be addressed. However an issue with this model can be seen in the difficulty of deciding where a stage ends and where another begins. Peterson et al (1986) 1.5 Fear appeals and their effectiveness. Fear appeals emphasize the negative consequences that can occur unless the consumer changes a behaviour or an attitude (Solomon p288) Does it work? Fear can cause tension within people which in return causes people to reduce this tension. Since the way people respond to fear is learned, marketers often rely on such appeals to stimulate interest in products or services. In its simplest form, the process consists of three steps. The first involves the creation of a fearful situation designed to activate a persons sense of risk and vulnerability. Marketers have been quite inventive in using the fear appeal. Examples include anti smoking EXAMPLES OF ADVERTS, MORE EXAMPLES ETC. in this regard Fear is a primitive instinct which can occasionally guide and activate human behavior. It creates anxiety and tension, causing people to seek ways to reduce these feelings. Since the way people respond to fear is learned, marketers often rely on such appeals to stimulate interest in products or services. In its simplest form, the process consists of three steps. The first involves the creation of a fearful situation designed to activate a persons sense of risk and vulnerability. Marketers have been quite inventive in using the fear appeal in this regard. Examples include attempts at inducing people to buy insurance policies of different types, travelers checks, and birth control products, as illustrated in Table 1. In politics, the fear motive has been widely used to persuade the undecided by depicting abuse by other parties or candidates and the danger associated with their views or policies. It has also been used to marshal public support for efforts to curtail communism. More recently in the United States, Canada, and Europe, the fear appeal has been stressed as a focal point in educating the public concerning preventive measures to combat the AIDS epidemic. Despite differences in the objectives behind each message, these appeals highlight a fearful situation that is likely to affect the recipients physical or social self. In the second phase of employing the fear appeal, the danger is depicted to be serious enough to warrant attention. Politicians, for example, warn repeatedly against the rise of neo-Nazi groups, comparing their ideology to that of the fascists who committed crimes against humanity during the Second World War. In a like fashion, marketers appeal to their potential targets by suggesting their vulnerability to the risk emphasized in the message. Such is often the case with life insurance ads that stress the traumatic consequences of the breadwinners death. Of course, ones response depends on his or her subjective assessments of the risk and its consequences. In the third phase, a solution is provided as a means of fear reduction. The appeal is often coupled with assurances of security from fear in order to entice potential customers to pursue the suggested action. For example, buying a life insurance policy may be depicted as providing a relief of worry about financially destitute survivors. Two questions deserve attention before the practical ramifications of using fear appeals are appraised. First, how do models of the fear appeal process work? Second, are fear appeals effective? In the following sections we shall address these Belief that fear appeals create anxiety and tension, thus stimulating certain defensive mechanisms. Interest is reaching customers and increasing their demand for the product may justify using fear appeals. 1.6 Cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance is predicated upon that each individual strives towards consistency amongst his opinions, attitudes and values (Makin, 1974 p143) Additionally, we all strive towards a consistency amongst our psychological attributes and behaviour that stems from them (Solomon REF). This need for consistency can create conflict when choosing between two alternatives. However Solomon states this conflict may be resolved through a process of cognitive dissonance reduction, where people are motivated to reduce this inconsistency (or dissonance) and thus eliminate unpleasant tension. Festinger (1957) suggests that peoples motivation to reduce the unpleasant side effects of inconsistency often produces attitude change. Festinger l 1957 a theory of cog diss Stanford university press; Stanford. This dissonance in question can be created through shock advertising in surprise or fear appeals which in turn can create cognitive activity. Makin p504 states Cognitive activity relates to a knowledge and awareness dimension of consumer behaviour again resulting in dissonance if the opinions or vales clash. 1.7 Persuasion The ultimate goal of persuasive communication is to change a receivers behaviour (Bettinghaus and Cody p7 YEAR) Changing these behaviours is a very difficult task as some have become habits, such as smoking which the government has tried to change perception of through shock advertising which i will discuss in this section. Marketers employ many different techniques in the use of persuasion in adverts including different mechanisms of delivering content, messages, the source/media its delivered by and the way it is perceived by the recipient. One approach to utilise these elements has been developed by petty and caioppo (1983) in the ELM MODEL, The elm model explains how cognitive processing persuasion and attitude can occur when different levels of involvement are present. Elaboration Likelihood model; The elm addresses the attitudes of individuals. Attitudes are considered to be enduring evaluations of objects, issues or persons that often guide behaviour ( Petty et al 1991) Marketers have looked to theories for decades to predict how to effect attitude change. The most influential of these theories is the Elaboration Likelihood model, which is bases on assumptions that people will consider, or process persuasive communications. Marketing practitioners have treated the theory of positive attitudes leading to positive behaviour as a marker of how to advertise. A persuasive communication is one that aims to change individuals attitudes towards an object in the view to forming useful attitudes Attitudes are useful when they improve an individuals ability to function in his or her environment (Petty et al 91). The ELM considers two routes in which individuals process persuasive communication. The 1st in central processing route. This route requires a high level of motivation from the individual. For the central route to be processed in an individual, the actual ability to process core elements of the persuasive message is needed. An individual that uses this central route will consider the information in the message to a higher and clearer degree whilst attempting to form a useful attitude (Petty and Cappioppo 1986). The 2nd route is the peripheral route. Which was described by Petty as a route in which individuals using cues imbedded in the message as input for simple heuristic decision rules. Counter to the central route, individuals involved in the peripheral route will not consider the core message as deeply. They will also form an attitude bases on the contextual elements based within the message. Attitudes that are formed within this route tend to be less resistant and less predictive of behaviour than their centrally processed counterparts ( Hangtvedt and petty, 1992, petty et al 1991). As the central route is associated worth being more positive it can be seen to be in a marketers interests to use the ELM model in order to firstly identify the factors that in turn can determine the route of an individual when forming attitudes in relation to message. This is done so a marketer can then predict what message to incorporate into their campaign, creating interest and action. There are two factors that can influence an individuals processing route; Motivation; Individuals ability to process core messages of persuasive communication deeply. In this section i will focus on the motivational charges towards peoples communication routes http://kaiwright.typepad.com/.a/6a0115705777c6970b01156ff4724a970c-800wi Motivation has two main drivers; Personnel relevance PR of the attitude object to the individual; An individual will be more motivated to use central route if attitude object is important and thereby will have personnel relevance. (Cacioppo et al., 1984) For example here, a person may be highly encouraged to stop smoking when an anti-smoking campaign shows a family without a mother, father, sister, brother due to illness caused solely by smoking. This is because adverts which display facts and rational arguments can be more highly processed by a consumer rather than an advert exposing emotional appeals. Rational Vrs Emotional appeals (see section 4) Intrinsic; Individuals inherent tendency to process the core message and persons enjoyment of cognitive processing is known as individuals need for cognition (nc) Cacioppo et al 1984) These two factors can determine whether an individual will rely on central o periphal routes. Personal relevance determines whether the consumer perceives the object to be instrumental in realizing goals and fulfilling values (Petty et al., 1981) The elm addresses the attitudes of individuals. Attitudes are considered to be enduring evaluations of objects, issues or persons that often guide behaviour ( Petty et al 1991) Marketers have looked to theories for decades to predict how to effect attitude change. The most influential of these theories is the Elaboration Likelihood model, which is bases on assumptions that people will consider, or process persuasive coomunications. Source Credibility; Solomon refers to the perceived expertise, objectivity, or trustworthiness of a souce. Acoording to Solomon, source credibility Rational Verus emotional Shock Advertising Venkat and abi-hanna (1955;22) shock advertising is generally regarded as one that deliberately rather than inadvertently, startles and offends its audience. Consumers can be exposed to over 3000 advertisements per day (Lasn,1999). So how do marketers get their advertisements noticed within this advertising clutter? The answer for many is shock. Dahl points out that many opinions vary over whether shock advertising is useful, a legitimate creative technique (Shannon 1995) or a gratuitous attention-grabbing gimmick (Horovitz 1992). The main theory behind shock advertising is that these shock messages will be used in a bid to draw attention to an advertisement with the expectation that further processing will take place. (Solomon 2003:268) Venkat and abi-hanna (1955;22) shock advertising is generally regarded as one that deliberately rather than inadvertently, startles and offends its audience. It is these tactics which are used to gain attention from the public, encouraging cognitive processing, resulting in a change of behaviour. This is particularly used in public service announcements which sees the government offer a stern and rational approach to shock adveritisng aiming towards this mentioned change of behaviour e.g. drinking and driving EXAMPLES HERE. These campaigns have also been the subject of public scrutiny (Eisner, 2001) A recent adverts for.. Was critizied for its shocking nature. However a spokesman for defended the advert, arguing that without the shock tatics used within the advertisements people would lapse into acceptence of abuse. The level of shock derives from the range of acceptable behaviours defined by norms, which is then used to evaluate objects, persons, actions, and ideas (Sherif Sherif, 1969) Advertising can be evaluated by norms. It can then be considered shocking or offensive when its content breaches these norms: decency, good taste, aesthetic propriety, and/or personal moral standards (Day 1991). EXAMPLES; BENNETON? As Vagnoni, 1999 states Advertisers typically justify shock appeals in advertising for their ability to appeal in advertising for their ability to (break) through the clutter Solomon 2002 p269 After attention, according to information processing models, shocking stimuli should facilitate message comprehension and elaboration, enhancing message retention, and influence behaviour. This figure shows the reader how after exposure to an advertisement the individual will process the information involving a cognitive appraisal that determines whether the advert violates a social and/or personal norm. Surprise is caused when this information contradicts an individuals established expectations (Stienmeier, 1995). Dahl states that surprise encourages further cognitive activity as individuals seek to understand the source of their surprise. Pyszczynski and Greenberg 1981, p37 Individuals engage in higher levels of attributional thought for unexpected surprise compared to expected events. It is then assumed that shocking advertising is more effective when promoting appropriate behaviour than more functional advertisements which have less success at moving people through the stages of information processing. (Solomon 2003) In order to test for effects on advertising attention, recall and recognition, Dahl conducted two experiments on students. The first deployed three different advertising appeals. Fear/Shock/information On a HIV/AIDS campaign. This campaign was chosen as health organisations have a history of using shock value messages to combat ambivalence towards this particular disease (Schlossberg, 1991). The experiment was aimed at students as they were a realistic target market for HIV/AIDS prevention initiatives. One-hundred and five students participated. Subjects ages ranged from 18-27 and they were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental condition and run individually. The study focussed on recall, recognition, and the processing of three experimental advertisements. As expected from our previous research a higher percentage of participants using the shock advertisement chose the experimental advertisement. From data collected, the researcher was able to state that participants said the shock advertisement outdated social norms vacillating Dahls claims that shock advertising content is superior to non-shocking content in its ability to attract attention and facilitate memory for the advertisement. The 2nd experiment was aimed towards finding out how these shocking advertisements after attracting attention would impact on subsequent behaviour. The researcher directed subjects towards a table in the reception area on which were different items. These items were related to the 1st experiment and was various leaflets and objects relating to HIV/AIDS, MENTAL HEALTH, DRUGS. The participants were then told they could take some of the leaflets home and keep. The researcher then left the room in order to let the participants be alone. Then came back and counted what had been taken. Results showed Dahl Dichter (1996) talks about how shock advertising also benefits from word of mouth communication, as the adverts provoke advertisement related conversation. 4.0 Methodology; Introduction The analysis of shock advertising and its effects on attitudes, including the literature review, has given clear and precise factors which can affect individuals behaviour when exposed to shock advertising. The key factors including; shall now be the main elements in the empirical research. The methodology refers to the theory of how the research should be undertaken (Saunders et al 2007, p3) This methodology evaluates the various stages of how the researcher gathered their data .The research methods that were used in this dissertation have been primary (focus groups) secondary (Literature review) and analysis. 4.1 Aim To prove whether shock advertising can change the attitudes of consumers towards brands or actions. 4.1.2 Objectives To gain a clearer understanding of what shock advertising is. To investigate how people form attitudes. To explore how people use these attitudes in relation to brands and adverts. To evaluate if shock advertising can alter these attitudes and behaviours. 4.1.3 Research onion Saunders et al (2003) explained how to use the research onion to adapt to the different research methods that were available. Saunders explains that before coming to a central point of research we must first peel away important layers of the onion. Once you have peeled away these layers you will be able to determine which research methods are most suitable for your study. http://www.ivoryresearch.com/images/figure61.jpg 4.2 Research Philosophy; According to Saunders et al 2006 p84 the research philosophy depends on the way that you think about the development of knowledge. There are two philosophical views that can show the researcher how knowledge can be developed; Positivism and interpretivism as Jankowicz (20005, p106 an interrogation of this kind is very valuable, since it prompts you to think harder about where you are heading and how you intend to get there. It actually involves an examination of three fundamentals; your ontology, your epistemology, and your under lying vales. By evaluating and understanding your research philosophy you can then choose informed and relative methodologies to use in your research ensuring results that will be valid and authentic. Epistemology Or Onology; Epistemology approach has been conducted as it concerns what constitutes as acceptable knowledge in a field of study (Saunders, 2007 p108) The focus of epistemology is knowledge as Gray 2004:16 states It provides a philosophical background for deciding what kinds of knowledge are legitimate and adequate. This can be compared to Ontology which is involved in the nature of reality (Saunders et al 2007 p108). ANOTHER QOUTE ON ONOLOGY As the research needs to gather evidence to evaluate throughout the investigation an epistemological philosophy have been adapted. The researcher also must record and examine data relating to the participants attitudes which will be allowed to gather in a more efficient form whilst using an epistemological philosophy. This philosophy is opposed to an ontology approach which can be seen to come secondary as it is more of an understanding of why things happen. Ontology, epistemology and methodology According to Remenyl et al (1998) Ontology, epistemology and methodology Remenyi d Williams b 98, doing research in business and managemtn an introduction to process and method. London sage. Can be defined as below; Ontolgy; the reality. 1.Objectivism; bryman and bell 2.Constructionism; Epistemology; the relationship between the reality and the researcher Positivsm; Remenyi The paradigm sees the researcher as an objective analyst and interptreter of a tangible society. Povitism is the assumption that the researcher is indepdent of and neither affects nor is affected by the subject of research. This leads to the fact that independant causes lead to observed effects. Remenyi 1998;33) Positivism emphasises quantifiable observations that lend themselves to statistical analysis. The positivist researcher gains quantitative results in which they generalise and draw conclusions A key tenet of the positivist is the reductionist approach that is taken. In order to gain an understanding in to how the variables concerned are behaving, simplifacations of the real world which may exist to the variable are stripped down, often leading to biasing factors being left out. This means the research has to be replicated a number of times in order to be accurately generalisable. Phenomenology In contrast to the posivist approach is the phenomenology approach to research. According to cohen and manion (1987) phenomenology is a theoretical point of view that advocates the study of direct experience rather than by external, objective and physically described reality. The researcher is not independent of what is being researched but a fundamental part of it, remenyi 98) Primary research; By relating back to my objectives via the research matrix, i was able to conclude that the use of focus groups would be the best way in which to gather the needed information. This primary research will be used throughout the dissertation validating and presenting the vital information I need in order to reach a fully informed and detailed conclusion. Focus Groups; According to Saunders et al (2003 p270) a focus group is a Group interview, composed of a small number of participants, facilitated by a moderator, in which discussion is focused on aspects of a given theme or topic. The focus group was time consuming and was difficult to annotate properly, however, the findings and data conceived and recorded within the focus group were vital towards the process of finding a conclusion. Hussey and hussy (1997,p155) states Focus groups are primarily associated with phenomenological methodology and are used to gather data relating to the feelings and opinions of a group of people who are involved in a common situation This statement led me to use focus groups as the primary objective was to find out individuals feelings and opinions towards shock advertising. To fully research how shock advertising can alter an individuals attitude i used two separate focus groups. The first focus group consisted of 4 males aged between 18 and 24. The second focus group consisted of 4 females aged between 18 and 24. These participants can be found in appendix along with other information including age, and educational status. Questions for the focus group were formulated by using the literature review. This qualative research will allow for increasing precision in the collection of data.(Saunders et al 2003) Focus Group Structure The groups were conducted in a quiet environment, and each participant was briefed clearly on the reasons behind the focus group. The use of focus groups are more efficient than questionnaires as in a focus group the participants can interact with each others statements, coming to conclusions and highlighting specific important outco

The Effect of Full House on My Life Essay -- Sitcom Television Compare

The Effect of Full House on My Life When I look back at my childhood, I see it as a highly colored, exaggerated version of what it must have been. Everything seems brighter, and bigger than reality allows. It’s the ideal â€Å"child’s world,† full of Barbies, dress-up, and playgrounds. But, if I try hard enough, I can remember the feeling of being there. The feeling of being small, and nearly innocent. Most of the time when I think of my childhood, I look back on two specific years, kindergarten and first grade, and the summers before and after the two. Both of these took place in Schaumburg, Illinois, in a two-bedroom town-home that I still call â€Å"my old house† even though it’s not that anymore. I’m not sure if these are the years I simply remember the best, or if that was actually the time I felt most like a child. I had many friends, and we had plenty of time to play games and use our imaginations. Nevertheless, I don’t usually reminisce about the shows and movies that I used to watch, and certainly not how these things affected me growing up. When prompted, however, I can remember specifics. I even begin to see how visual texts, like The Little Mermaid and Full House, have influenced me throughout my life and especially in my childhood. I have felt the impact of these things in my life as recently as this year, and I can see not only how the shows I watched influenced my behavior, but also that I chose to watch shows and movies that I thought were representative of me. The show I remember watching most is definitely Full House. I mean, I thought I was D.J. Tanner. I had exact replicas of some of her outfits (like the blue, polka-dot blouse and pants set), and I was constantly asking to have my hair blown out just like hers.... ...less impossible. Full House, The Little Mermaid, and Under the Tuscan Sun all held examples, and lessons that I have often applied to my own life. Whether I was looking up to straight-laced D.J. Tanner, or the mischievous mermaid named Ariel, these visual texts have been an important influence on my life. All were things to aspire, and look forward to. The things I watched on TV. and in movies as a child definitely helped to shape my personality and views on life. Equally important are more recent movies and experiences that I can relate to my childhood favorites. Whether I’m looking back to my past in Schaumburg, or remembering moments as recent as last summer, by analyzing what it is I like about specific visual texts, I can learn a lot about myself. They are all representative of the kind of person I am, and the kind of person that I have always wanted to be. The Effect of Full House on My Life Essay -- Sitcom Television Compare The Effect of Full House on My Life When I look back at my childhood, I see it as a highly colored, exaggerated version of what it must have been. Everything seems brighter, and bigger than reality allows. It’s the ideal â€Å"child’s world,† full of Barbies, dress-up, and playgrounds. But, if I try hard enough, I can remember the feeling of being there. The feeling of being small, and nearly innocent. Most of the time when I think of my childhood, I look back on two specific years, kindergarten and first grade, and the summers before and after the two. Both of these took place in Schaumburg, Illinois, in a two-bedroom town-home that I still call â€Å"my old house† even though it’s not that anymore. I’m not sure if these are the years I simply remember the best, or if that was actually the time I felt most like a child. I had many friends, and we had plenty of time to play games and use our imaginations. Nevertheless, I don’t usually reminisce about the shows and movies that I used to watch, and certainly not how these things affected me growing up. When prompted, however, I can remember specifics. I even begin to see how visual texts, like The Little Mermaid and Full House, have influenced me throughout my life and especially in my childhood. I have felt the impact of these things in my life as recently as this year, and I can see not only how the shows I watched influenced my behavior, but also that I chose to watch shows and movies that I thought were representative of me. The show I remember watching most is definitely Full House. I mean, I thought I was D.J. Tanner. I had exact replicas of some of her outfits (like the blue, polka-dot blouse and pants set), and I was constantly asking to have my hair blown out just like hers.... ...less impossible. Full House, The Little Mermaid, and Under the Tuscan Sun all held examples, and lessons that I have often applied to my own life. Whether I was looking up to straight-laced D.J. Tanner, or the mischievous mermaid named Ariel, these visual texts have been an important influence on my life. All were things to aspire, and look forward to. The things I watched on TV. and in movies as a child definitely helped to shape my personality and views on life. Equally important are more recent movies and experiences that I can relate to my childhood favorites. Whether I’m looking back to my past in Schaumburg, or remembering moments as recent as last summer, by analyzing what it is I like about specific visual texts, I can learn a lot about myself. They are all representative of the kind of person I am, and the kind of person that I have always wanted to be.

Sexism in the Workplace :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework Essays

Sexism in the Workplace Gender Roles Children learn from their parents and society the conception of "feminine" and "masculine." Much about these conceptions is not biological at all but cultural. The way we tend to think about men and women and their gender roles in society constitute the prevailing paradigm that influences out thinking. Riane Eisler points out that the prevailing paradigm makes it difficult for us to analyze properly the roles of men and women in prehistory "we have a cultural bias that we bring to the effort and that colors our decision-making processes." Sexism is the result of that bias imposed by our process of acculturation. Gender roles in Western societies have been changing rapidly in recent years, with the changes created both by evolutionary changes in society, including economic shifts which have altered the way people work and indeed which people work as more and more women enter the workforce, and by perhaps pressure brought to make changes because of the perception that the traditional social structure was inequitable. Gender relations are a part of the socialization process, the initiation given the young by society, teaching them certain values and creating in them certain behavior patterns acceptable to their social roles. These roles have been in a state of flux in American society in recent years, and men and women today can be seen as having expanded their roles in society, with women entering formerly male dominions and men finding new ways to relate to and function in the family unit. When I was growing up a woman was never heard of having a job other than a school teacher or seamstress. Our(women's)job was to take care of the house. We had a big garden out back from which we got most of our vegetables?A garden is a lot of work you know?We also had to make clothes when there were none to be had(hand-me- downs) Gender can be defined as a social identity consisting of the role a person is to play because of his or her sex. There is a diversity in male and female roles, making it impossible to define gender in terms of narrow male and female roles. Gender is culturally defined, with significant differences from culture to culture. These differences are studied by anthropologists to ascertain the range of behaviors that have developed to define gender and on the forces at work in the creation of these roles.

The Story of Jesus Through Matthews Gospel Essay -- God Religion Jesu

The Story of Jesus Through Matthew's Gospel   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Who is this man Jesus? Where was he from? What did he do for others and us? A great source of reference to answer this question would be someone who had direct contact with him in everyday life. Someone who saw the daily wonders he created would be the best source for information. Matthew, the apostle, is believed to have written the gospel of Matthew. He was able to experience firsthand all of the amazing miracles that Jesus performed. God inspired his words, and his gospel relates to the other three gospels in overall context. They were written in different formats and styles, but the overall message and story remains constant throughout all four gospels. This creates a strong reliability that gives confidence in Matthew’s knowledge of Jesus. If the author of the gospel of Matthew was someone other than Matthew, the writings still tell an excellent story of the life of Jesus regardless of who wrote it. Therefore, the story of Jesus can be told through Mat thew and his gospel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Matthew begins his gospel with a genealogy of Jesus that traces his existence back to Abraham. This direct line of heritage back to Abraham shows the fulfillment of God’s promise through Jesus. In Genesis 15:5, God promises Abraham descendants as numerous as the stars. These descendants, who make up the people of Israel, were promised a child to be named Emmanuel (â€Å"God with us†) in Isaiah 7:14. Matthew’s gospel tells how Jesus, the child of God who will be with us forever, fulfills the promise that was given by God many years before.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Matthew tells of the birth of Jesus to conclude the first chapter. Jesus surely is the Son of God because Mary conceived him even though she had no knowledge of man. In Matthew 1:20, God spoke to Joseph in a dream through an angel telling him of his intentions for Jesus and his family. Because Matthew tells of this story, he clarifies Jesus’ uniqueness from the beginning. Jesus is the Son of God who fulfills all of God’s promises, and he will change the world forever.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Matthew further depicts Jesus as the Savior of the world when he tells of the wise men coming to visit him as a baby in Bethlehem. The wise men were surely blessed because they took notice of the once in a lifetime miracle that took place in Bethlehem. Matthew 2:6 says, â€Å"for from you shall come a ruler who is to S... ...ically stay with the people for long, so he knew that he must direct them as to what to do in order to keep the message of God alive in the world forever. To conclude the gospel, Matthew records Jesus as saying, â€Å"Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and teaching them to obey everything that I have commanded you. And remember, I am with you always, to the end of the age.† Jesus gave them the confidence and ability to continue the work of God by blessing them in this way. They carried on his message of the greatness of God for as long as they lived, and also passed it on to the next generation to share with the future. These stories of the works of Jesus written by Matthew tell of a marvelous man, who was God present among everyone on earth. He spoke and acted with wisdom, and his ministry proved that God’s love surpasses everything. Whoever was unfamiliar with Jesus would have an excellent understanding of his life and purpose after reading the gospel of Matthew. The message of the kingdom of God will live on forever through the life of Jesus. Bibliography Bible - New James Version

The Past , Present, and Future of Unix

The Past, Present, and Future of UNIX By CIS 155 UNIX Operating System March 4, 2012 Abstract In the beginning, two men Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie in 1969 created an operating system that still has potential and relevance in today’s ever changing computer world, that operating system is called UNIX. I will be going over the past and present of UNIX and will also tell on how I feel about the future of UNIX. In the past, UNIX, a dominant operating system which pioneered the future of operating systems and how they are used today.Older platforms were written in assembly language which makes moving files around to different computers extremely difficult, when UNIX was created it was originally written in that same language but later changed to a high level language we all know today as C, there is only a small portion of the UNIX operating system that remain in assembly language and that is located in the kernel of the operating system. â€Å"Universities and colleges have p layed an important role in the popularity of the UNIX operating system.In 1975, Bell labs offered the UNIX operating system to educational institutions at minimal cost. †(Afzal, 2008) Table of Contents Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Table of Contents †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Past of UNIX †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 UNIX of today †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Future of UNIX †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Introduction UNIX has many tools at i ts disposal like line editors, application program nterfaces, development environments, libraries, and documentation (Anthes, 2009). This makes UNIX a very powerful system and the best part about it all is it was written on a microcomputer. UNIX is a multitasking, multi user computer operating system. When UNIX was created it was written in assembly language which made it hard to port to other hardware and was later recoded in a high level language, they chose C as their language. UNIX and the programming language C were both designed and developed by AT&T and given to Universities and colleges.These programs were incorporated into the computer science curriculum, and students, in turn, became familiar with UNIX and it sophisticated programming environment (Afzal, 2008). There are two major versions of UNIX and a lot more that are based off of the two major versions, the two major versions include AT&T UNIX version V and Berkeley UNIX, other version which are based off of these two include Solaris, Solaris was the operating system of Sun Microsystems that was based on UNIX System V Release 2 and BSD.UnixWare, UnixWare there are two versions of UnixWare, UnixWare Personal Edition which was for desktops and UnixWare Application Server which was used on servers. Linux, Linux is a very close implementation of UNIX and conforms to many of the same standards that UNIX does (Afzal, 2008). There are many different versions of UNIX and all have the same objective in mind, some were designed to be used by the company that made it others were designed to work the same as UNIX and be cheaper to use but in the end they all operate like UNIX.Let’s look into the Past, Present and Future of the famous operating system that started it all. Past of UNIX UNIX was created on a smaller computer called the PDP-7 which was made by Digital Equipment Corporation. UNIX was basically a new operating system that took the good of all the other systems that they created like Multics . â€Å"Of course, UNIX' success didn't happen all at once. In 1971 it was ported to the PDP-11 minicomputer, a more powerful platform than the PDP-7 for which it was originally written.Text-formatting and text-editing programs were added, and it was rolled out to a few typists in the Bell Labs Patent department, its first users outside the development team. † (Anthes, 2009). â€Å"The first commercial instance of UNIX worldwide was installed in early 1972 at New York Telephone Co. Systems Development Center under the direction of Dan Gielan. An Operational Support System was developed entirely in assembly language by Neil Groundwater and it survived nearly 7 years without change. UNIX did have a rough start in the first few years of its life and AT&T was forbidden from entering the computer business by a 1958 decree, which wouldn’t allow UNIX to become a product. By 1983 AT&T and Bell systems were broken up which alleviated their problem with the decree, AT&T rushed to market the UNIX system and that move nearly destroyed UNIX. Through the life of UNIX all of its up and downs it is still considered a very powerful Operating System and is still in use by some companies and also works with some systems like Mac OS.UNIX of Today UNIX has been around for almost 43 years and still is in use by programmers and some operating systems like MAC OS. There are many versions of UNIX; most resemble UNIX in some way or another which goes to show that this platform is still playing a strong part in today’s ever changing computer world. All these years later there are many different Applications that are UNIX, UNIX based or a completely different operating system that resembles UNIX. â€Å"Minix incorporated all the ideas of UNIX, and it was a brilliant job,† Salus says. Only a major programmer, someone who deeply understood the internals of an operating system, could do that. † Minix would become the starting point for Linus Torvalds' 1991 creation of Linux — if not exactly a UNIX clone, certainly a UNIX look-alike. (Anthes, 2009). From some of my research it seems that Linux is the Operating System of choice it’s a lot cheaper to use and has a very strong resemblance to UNIX and a lot of the commands used by UNIX are incorporated into the Linux OS.Some of the UNIX variants were dying out only Solaris, HP-UX and AIX were still doing fairly well in the market. A lot of lawsuits began in the early 2000’s which started actions against users and vendors of Linux, the SCO group stated that Linux contained copyrighted UNIX code now owned by the SCO group, this began the SCO vs. Novell lawsuit, AT;T sold all rights of the UNIX system to Novell which gave him all the copyrights. The case was decided in Novells favor that he owned the copyrights to UNIX and UnixWare.After the string of lawsuits Novell stated that he had no interest in suing people over UNIX. Future of UNIX UNIX may still be prevalent in t oday’s computer world but what about the future will it be as strong as it is or has been, with multicore processors and cheaper operating systems like Linux and Windows x86, we may see companies moving away from UNIX. â€Å"The results reaffirm continued enthusiasm for Linux as a host server platform, with Windows similarly growing and UNIX set for a long, but gradual, decline,† says the poll report, published in February 2009. UNIX has had a long and lively past, and while it's not going away, it will increasingly be under pressure,† says Gartner analyst George Weiss. â€Å"Linux is the strategic ‘UNIX' of choice. † Although Linux doesn't have the long legacy of development, tuning and stress-testing that UNIX has seen, it is approaching and will soon equal UNIX in performance, reliability and scalability, he says (Anthes, 2009).Even with Linux approaching performance and reliability I have found another suggestion saying that UNIX won’t be fading away anytime soon I found this survey report to be interesting. Of the 211 respondents, 130 (62%) reported using UNIX in their organizations. (Most survey responses are based on input from the latter. ) Of the respondents whose companies use UNIX, 69% indicated that their organizations are â€Å"extremely reliant† or â€Å"very reliant† on UNIX, with another 21% portraying their organizations as â€Å"somewhat reliant† on UNIX. 0% responded that they were not very reliant or not at all reliant on UNIX as an OS (Keefe, 2009). From the research I have gathered I am getting mixed reviews on the Future of UNIX but my gut instinct tells me with the recent MAC OS support that UNIX is here to stay now in my opinion the only thing that would needed to be done is to allow the operating system to work with multicore processors then UNIX would again be a force to reckon with.Conclusion UNIX has had a very long life span for an operating system and has always played a very important part in or computer world we know today from my report I see that UNIX has been through a lot from being developed to almost dying out to having lawsuits for copyrights and through all this UNIX is a very powerful operating system that has made it through every obstacle thrown in its path. The future is still truly unknown about UNIX even with he recent support that it has gained and with all the competition in its market it is really hard to say whether or not UNIX will be around or if it will die out, I can say that regardless of future if UNIX was never created we may not have the computer systems we have today. Bibliography Anthes,G (2009) Unix turns 40: The past, present and future of a revolutionary OS Afzal, Amir (2008) UNIX Unbounded: A beginning Approach, Fifth Edition. Keefe, M (2009) Survey: Unix has a long and healthy future, say users http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Unix